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Because of Kasparov’s continuing strong results and status as FIDE world No. 1, he was included in the so-called “Prague Agreement”, masterminded by Yasser Seirawan and intended to reunite the two world championships. As White, Kasparov could not crack the passive but solid Berlin Defence in the Ruy Lopez, and Kramnik managed to draw all his games as Black. Kramnik had been a student of Kasparov’s at the famous Botvinnik/Kasparov chess school in Russia and had served on Kasparov’s team for the 1995 match with Anand. During this period, Kasparov was approached by Oakham School in the United Kingdom, at the time the only school in the country with a full-time chess coach, and developed an interest in the use of chess in education.
In their five world championship matches, Kasparov had 21 wins, 19 losses and 104 draws in 144 games. Kasparov’s win with Black in the 16th game has been recognised as one of the all-time chess masterpieces, including being voted the best game played during the first 64 issues of the magazine Chess Informant. Despite losing the PCA title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world’s highest-rated player at the time of his official retirement. From 2011 to 2014, Kasparov published a three-volume series of his games, spanning his career in three eras until he stopped playing full-time in 2005. Kasparov also analysed some of the most notable games played in that period.

History

In 2001, he refused an invitation to the 2002 Candidates Tournament to choose Kramnik’s first challenger, claiming his results had earned him a rematch with Kramnik. The Kasparov–Kramnik match took place in London during the latter half of 2000. After a match with Shirov could not be agreed by BrainGames.com and talks with Anand collapsed, a match was instead arranged against Kramnik. In an interview in 2007, Kasparov called the break with FIDE in 1993 the worst mistake of his career, as it hurt the game in the long run. Their match took place under the auspices of the Professional Chess Association (PCA), an organisation established by Kasparov and Short.
On 2 June 2016, Kasparov played against fifteen chess players in a simultaneous exhibition in the Kaiser-Friedrich-Halle de of Mönchengladbach. The second was a longer match consisting of eight blitz games played on 9 October, against English grandmaster Short. Kasparov and Karpov played a four-game match with rapid time controls over two days in December 2002 in New York City.

• He launched Kasparov Chess, a subscription-based online chess community featuring documentaries, lessons, puzzles, podcasts, articles, interviews and playing zones, in 2021.
• On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of five minutes per side and three-second increments per move.
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• Kasparov was known for his extensive opening preparation and aggressive play in it.
• This rematch took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games.
• This volume deals with world champions Wilhelm Steinitz, Emanuel Lasker, Capablanca and Alekhine, and some of their strong contemporaries.

On 22 August 2006, in his first public chess games since his retirement, Kasparov played in the Lichthof Chess Champions Tournament, a blitz event played at the time control of five minutes per side and three-second increments per move. The second Karpov–Kasparov match in 1985 was organised in Moscow as the best of 24 games, where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the title. Kasparov played in a pair of six-game chess matches with IBM supercomputer Deep Blue. That same year, Kasparov played against thirty-two chess computers in Hamburg, winning all games. His only failure in this time period in either tournament or match play was the 1984 world title match against Karpov.
Kasparov and Karpov met for a fifth time, on this occasion in New York City and Lyon in 1990, with each city hosting 12 games. With one game left, Kasparov was down a point and needed a win to draw the match and retain his title. But Karpov fought back by winning three consecutive games to level the score late in the match. This rematch took place in 1986, hosted jointly in London and Leningrad, with each city hosting 12 games.
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• Despite losing the PCA title, he continued winning tournaments and was the world’s highest-rated player at the time of his official retirement.
• Kasparov won this high-class tournament by 2 points, emerging with a provisional rating of 2545, enough to rank him equal 40th in the world.
• As black, Kasparov lost two (games 2 and 10), meaning Kramnik won the match 8½–6½, and Kramnik succeeded Kasparov as the Classical World Champion.citation needed
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• The second Karpov–Kasparov match in 1985 was organised in Moscow as the best of 24 games, where the first player to win 12½ points would claim the title.

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Originally titled Child of Change, it was later published as Unlimited Challenge. In 1997, he was awarded the title of “honorary citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina” for his support of Bosnian people during the Bosnian War. Kasparov recalled that he was criticised by Armenians for not taking a strong stance when the Karabakh movement began in 1988, explaining that he was living in Baku with 200,000 other Armenians at the time and did not want to increase tensions. In April 2005, Kasparov was in Moscow at a promotional event when he was struck over the head with a chessboard he had just signed.
Kasparov holds the record for the longest time as the No. 1 rated player in the world—from 1984 to 2005 (Kramnik shared the No. 1 ranking with him once, in the January 1996 FIDE rating list). Kasparov received a Chess Oscar eleven times as the best chess player of the year, in 1982–1983, 1985–1988, 1995–1996, 1999, and 2001–2002. Kasparov made his international debut for the USSR at age 16 in the 1980 European Team Championship and played for Russia in the 1992 edition of that championship.

Candidate for FIDE presidency

In particular, he was denied access to Deep Blue’s recent games, in contrast to the computer’s team, which could study hundreds of Kasparov’s. The second was played in New York City in May 1997 and won by Deep Blue (3½–2½). By the July 1999 and January 2000 FIDE rating lists, Kasparov had reached a 2851 Elo rating, at that time the highest rating ever achieved. At the time of his retirement, he was still ranked No. 1 in the world, with a rating of 2812. Another well-known case of winning an important game thanks to a novelty in the opening is Kasparov’s 10th game of the 1995 match against Anand.
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Kasparov won the match decisively (8½–1½), winning all five games on the second day. Commentators GM Maurice Ashley and Alejandro Ramírez remarked how Kasparov was an ‘initiative hog’ throughout the match, consistently not allowing Short to gain any foothold in the games. The match consisted of two rapid games and eight blitz games and was contested over the course of two days. The event took place exactly 25 years after the two players’ unfinished encounter at World Chess Championship 1984.
When Kasparov was 11, Botvinnik wrote, “The future of chess lies in the hands of this young man.” Makogonov helped develop Kasparov’s positional skills and taught him to play the Caro–Kann Defence and the Tartakower System of the Queen’s Gambit Declined. Since retiring from chess, Kasparov has devoted his time to writing and politics. His peak FIDE chess rating of 2851, achieved in 1999, was the highest recorded until being surpassed by Magnus Carlsen in 2013.

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The match was even after five games but Kasparov lost quickly in Game 6. The 1997 match was the first defeat of a reigning world champion by a computer under tournament conditions. In 1995, during Kasparov’s world title match with Anand, he unveiled an opening novelty that had been checked with a chess engine, an approach that would become increasingly common in subsequent years. In these tournament victories, Kasparov had a score of 53 wins, 61 draws and 1 loss in 115 games, his only defeat coming against Ivan Sokolov in Wijk aan Zee 1999. Kasparov used this variation in the 12th and 16th games of the match with Karpov in 1985; in the second of these games, he scored a victory.

After his retirement from chess in 2005, Kasparov turned to politics and created the United Civil Front, a social movement whose main goal is to “work to preserve electoral democracy in Russia.” He has vowed to “restore democracy” to Russia by restoring the rule of law. He continued to regret the blunder in the second game that cost him a crucial point. After two draws and one win apiece, the X3D Man–Machine match ended in a draw. In June 2003, Mindscape released the computer game Kasparov Chessmate, with Kasparov himself listed as a co-designer. Deep Junior was the first machine to beat Kasparov with Black and at a standard time control.
With the exception of the PCA period and sharing first place with Kramnik in 1996, Kasparov led the rating list from 1985 to 2006 – a total of 255 months. In 1999, Kasparov reached an Elo rating of 2851, a record that stood for over thirteen years, until Carlsen achieved 2861 in January 2013. Between 1981 and 1991, he won or tied for first place in every tournament he entered. He represented the Soviet Union four times and Russia four times, following the break-up of the Soviet Union in 1991. He finished eighth in a strong field of ten, including Nakamura, Caruana, former world champion Anand and the eventual winner, Levon Aronian. Kasparov participated in the inaugural St. Louis Rapid and Blitz tournament from 14 to 19 August 2017, scoring 3.5/9 in the rapid and 9/18 in the blitz, representing Croatia.
Plans for further engagement between Kasparov and IBM, including a rematch, did not come to fruition, due to the accusations of cheating. Kasparov claimed that several factors weighed against him in this match. He said that based on his “objective strengths” his play was stronger than that of Deep Blue. The first match took place in Philadelphia in February 1996 and was won by Kasparov (4–2).

A revolutionary step at that time was the involvement of computer programs in analysing games, and it was Kasparov and his team who took the first steps in this direction. His games are characterised by a dynamic style of play with a focus on tactics, depth of strategy, subtle calculation and original opening ideas. He also participated in 9LX 2, finishing fifth in a field of ten players, with a score of 5/9. At the post-tournament interview, Kasparov announced that he would donate his winnings from playing the next top-level blitz exhibition match to assist funding of the American Olympiad team. At the Chess Club and Scholastic Center of Saint Louis on 28 and 29 April 2016, Kasparov played a 6-round exhibition blitz round-robin tournament with Fabiano Caruana, Wesley So and Nakamura in an event called the Ultimate Blitz Challenge.
He has annotated his own games extensively for the Yugoslav Chess Informant series. In November 2003, he engaged in a four-game match against the computer program X3D Fritz, using a virtual board, 3D glasses and a speech recognition system. Kasparov conducted the white moves while more than 50,000 people from all over the globe played against him. IBM denied that it had cheated, stating the only human intervention occurred between games.
Kasparov cooperated in producing video material for the computer game Kasparov’s Gambit released by Electronic Arts in November 1993. Computer chess magazine editor Frederic Friedel consulted with Kasparov in 1985 on how a chess database program would be useful preparation for competition. Kasparov was awarded a BBC Micro, which he took back with him to Baku, making it perhaps one of the first Western-made microcomputers to reach the Soviet Union at that time. Acorn Computers acted as one of the sponsors for Kasparov’s Candidates semi-final match against Korchnoi in 1983.
Kasparov lost the first game but won the match 7–4 (four wins, one loss). Politics threatened Kasparov’s semi-final against Victor Korchnoi, which was scheduled to be played in Pasadena, California. Kasparov won this high-class tournament by 2 points, emerging with a provisional rating of 2545, enough to rank him equal 40th in the world. Kasparov said that after the victory, he thought he had a “very good shot” at the world championship.